![]() ![]() Fecal SCFAs abnormalities have been reported in patients with IBS, implying that alterations in SCFAs might be related to IBS. The cause of IBS remains unknown, and no single treatment is found to be universally applicable to all patients with IBS. The fact that SCFAs are the main end-products of colonic bacterial fermentation, they play a role in preserving gut barrier functions, and have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, provides a rationale and representative target to measure intestinal health. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the primary metabolite for colonocytes, are produced in the intestinal lumen by commensal anaerobic bacteria via carbohydrate fermentation, which are principle nutrient substrates of the colonic epithelium. Researchers also discovered that disorders of gut microbiota potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of IBS. IBS is a chronic condition that requires long-term management. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, with signs and symptoms including cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhea or constipation, or both. Propionate and butyrate could be used as biomarkers for IBS diagnosis. ![]() In IBS-C patients, propionate and butyrate were reduced, whereas butyrate was increased in IBS-D patients in comparison to HCs. Finally, we found that restricted diets correlated with fecal butyrate reduction in IBS (SMD = -0.26, 95% CI = -0.51, -0.01).ConclusionsIn terms of fecal SCFAs, there were differences between patients with IBS and HCs. A subgroup analysis showed that the concentration of fecal propionate (SMD = -0.91, 95% CI = -1.41, -0.41) and butyrate (SMD = -0.53, 95% CI = -1.01, -0.04) in patients with constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C) was significantly lower than that in HCs, and the concentration of fecal butyrate in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) was higher than that in HCs (SMD = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.00, 0.67). ![]() The standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) in fecal SCFA levels between different groups was calculated.ResultsThe proportion of fecal propionate in patients with IBS was significantly higher than in healthy controls (HCs) (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.12, 0.76). No prior systematic review has been conducted on the alterations in fecal SCFAs in IBS patients.AimsWe performed a meta-analysis to explore and clarify alterations in fecal SCFAs in IBS patients.MethodsCase-control studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and self-controlled studies were identified through electronic database searches. Previous studies on SCFA alterations in patients with IBS have yielded conflicting results. The impeccable research and writing of Richard Belzer and David Wayne show that if the government is trying to hide anything, they’re the duo who will uncover it.BackgroundRecent studies indicate that gut microbiota disorders potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which can be partly reflected by fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) generated from gut microbiota. The findings were absolutely staggering as some cases were clearly linked to a “clean-up operation” after the murder of President Kennedy, while others were the result of ‘other forces’. Hit List is a fair examination of the evidence of each case, leading to (necessarily) different conclusions. Others clearly seemed noteworthy witnesses who did seem to know something and did seem to die mysteriously. Some of the deaths seemed purely coincidental heart attacks, hunting accidents. Then someone comes along later and figures out what the odds of it happening were. After all, events don’t “consult the odds” prior to happening they simply happen. Like most people, Richard and David were initially unsure about what to make of these ‘coincidences’. For decades, government pundits have dismissed these “coincidental” deaths, even regarding them as “myths” as “urban legends.” Richard Belzer and David Wayne are back to set the record straight after Dead Wrong this time they’re going to uncover the truth about the many witness deaths tied to the JFK assassination.
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